Article 3. Territorial scope

• 1.   This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data in the context of the activities of an establishment of a controller or a processor in the Union, regardless of whether the processing takes place in the Union or not.

• 2.   This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data of data subjects who are in the Union by a controller or processor not established in the Union, where the processing activities are related to:

• (a)    the offering of goods or services, irrespective of whether a payment of the data subject is required, to such data subjects in the Union; or

• (b)    the monitoring of their behaviour as far as their behaviour takes place within the Union.

• 3.   This Regulation applies to the processing of personal data by a controller not established in the Union, but in a place where Member State law applies by virtue of public international law.